Unit 4. Wordlist

something that makes an event, action, or condition happen

• Climatologists are studying the main cause of climate change.
• The exact cause of the disease remains unknown.

to make something happen, especially something bad or unexpected

• If stress is not managed, it may cause students to perform poorly in exams.
• The experiment caused unexpected chemical reactions.

relating to ordinary citizens and their rights, duties, or social relationships

• The government promised to protect civil rights and freedoms.
• Civil society plays a key role in democratic development.

an advanced human society with developed culture, technology, and social organization

• Ancient Egyptian civilization made great progress in architecture.
• The fall of the Roman civilization changed European history.

an explanation that makes something clearer or easier to understand

• We asked for clarification about the data collection process.
• Can you provide a clarification on the method used?

to make something clearer or easier to understand by giving more details or explanation

• Dr. Chen clarified the purpose of the experiment to new participants.
• Can you clarify what this term means in context?

the quality of being clear or easy to understand

• His argument lacks clarity in its final conclusions.
• The scientist explained the process with great clarity.

the general feeling or situation in a place at a particular time

• Small businesses are finding it hard to survive in the present economic climate.
• The new policies have created a climate of fear.

relating to mental processes such as thinking, learning, and understanding

• She researched cognitive differences among bilingual students.
• How do cognitive skills influence academic performance?

to occur at the same time or in the same way

• The two theories coincide on many important points.
• The holidays coincide with the start of the new semester.

a situation where events happen together by chance, not by plan

• By coincidence, both scientists made the same discovery.
• Was it just a coincidence or something more meaningful?

happening by chance or without intentional planning

• The similarities between the studies are coincidental.
• Do you think this pattern is coincidental or related?

to work together with someone to achieve a common goal or result

• The students are encouraged to collaborate on the assignments.
• How can experts from different fields collaborate effectively?

the act of working together to achieve a shared goal

• The paper is a result of international collaboration.
• The project required close collaboration with local communities.

involving two or more people or groups working together

• This was a collaborative effort between three universities.
• What are the benefits of a collaborative approach to research?

to fall down or fail suddenly, often after losing strength or support

• The project collapsed due to lack of funding.
• The bridge collapsed after years of poor maintenance.

a sudden failure, breakdown, or falling down of a system or structure

• Economic collapse affected millions of people.
• What factors led to the collapse of the system?

similar enough in quality, amount, or size to be fairly judged together

• The students showed comparable levels of academic achievement.
• The results are not directly comparable because of different methods.

to examine two or more things to find their similarities or differences

• Students compared their results with those of other groups.
• Government statistics compare energy use across several European countries.

the ability of two things to exist or work together without conflict

• Chemists studied the compatibility of different chemical substances.
• How do you assess the compatibility of this system with others?

having many connected parts, details, or ideas that are difficult to understand or analyze

• The problem is too complex for a simple explanation.
• Why is this chemical process so complex?

to reach an agreement by giving up part of what you want

• They compromised after reviewing each other’s legal concerns.
• We compromised on timelines during the planning meeting.

an agreement in which each side accepts less than it wants

• The final compromise satisfied the most people involved.
• They reached a compromise after several difficult sessions.

to prove that something is true, correct, or certain through evidence or information

• Observations confirmed that the data were accurate.
• Can you confirm the date of the next meeting?

the act of proving that something is true, correct, or officially accepted

• Further experiments are needed for full confirmation of the findings.
• Can you provide confirmation of your attendance?