Unit 8. Wordlist

the tools, machines, or devices needed for a particular purpose

• The experiment was delayed due to faulty equipment.
• Do you know how to operate this medical equipment?

to prove or show something clearly, especially a fact or truth through evidence

• Clinical trials established a clear link between diet and memory function.
• How can we establish the accuracy of these claims?

to roughly calculate or judge the value, amount, or size of something

• Economists estimate growth at around three percent this year.
• Can you estimate the cost of the entire renovation?

a system of moral principles that guides behavior or decisions

• Scientists follow strict research ethics in experiments.
• Professional ethics require honesty and fairness in all actions.

related to what is morally right or acceptable

• They raised ethical concerns about the method.
• Is it ethical to test products on animals?

relating to a group of people with shared cultural or national identity

• The survey included different ethnic groups.
• How do ethnic differences influence social interaction?

to carefully judge the quality, importance, or value of something

• We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.
• The trial will evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.

information or facts that show something is true or valid

• There is strong evidence for climate change.
• What kind of evidence was used in the investigation?

clear and easy to see or understand

• It was evident that the experiment needed further replication.
• It became evident that the data were incomplete.

the gradual process of change or development over time

• Cultural evolution affects language and social behavior.
• The theory of evolution explains how species adapt to environments.

to gradually develop or change into a more advanced form

• Human societies evolved from small groups to complex states.
• If the virus is exposed repeatedly, it may evolve resistance to treatment.

to go beyond a set limit, level, or expectation

• Profits exceeded expectations last quarter.
• The temperature exceeded normal summer levels.

an amount that is more than necessary, allowed, or usual

• An excess of sugar can harm your health.
• Inspectors found pollution levels in excess of legal safety limits.

more than is reasonable, necessary, or acceptable

• If noise levels become excessive, student concentration may suffer.
• Excessive stress may lead to health problems.

to prevent someone or something from being included or allowed

• They excluded two variables from the analysis.
• Why did the panel exclude those participants?

the act of leaving someone or something out

• Social exclusion can lead to inequality and conflict.
• The exclusion of key data affected the final results.

to show or display something, often publicly or clearly

• Students exhibited great creativity in their final projects.
• The sample exhibited strong magnetic properties.

to increase in size, number, or amount; to make something larger

• The company plans to expand into Asian markets.
• Can we expand this research further?

the process of becoming larger or more extensive

• The rapid expansion of cities affects the environment.
• Economic expansion created thousands of new jobs.

to use something effectively or to take advantage of a resource or opportunity

• Some companies exploit legal loopholes to avoid paying taxes.
• How can we exploit this discovery for medical use?

the use of something or someone for benefit, often unfairly or excessively

• Resource exploitation damages many natural ecosystems.
• Migrant workers are vulnerable to exploitation.

to make something visible or known that was hidden or secret

• An internal audit exposed weaknesses in the current system.
• Whistleblowers exposed serious safety risks in the factory.

the state of being affected by or open to something harmful or influential

• Long exposure to sunlight can damage the skin.
• What are the health effects of radiation exposure?

the act of making something longer or larger in space, time, or range

• The deadline extension allowed students to finish their work.
• The company plans an extension of its research center.

covering a large area, range, or amount

• Extensive damage was caused by the earthquake last year.
• The library holds an extensive collection of medieval manuscripts.

the degree, amount, or scope to which something applies or exists

• The full extent of the damage remains unknown.
• Marine biologists measured the extent of coral reef degradation.