Unit 9. Wordlist

coming from outside a place, organization, or system

• External factors influenced the experiment’s results.
• The company faced external pressures from international competitors.

no longer existing; having died out completely

• Many animal species became extinct due to climate change.
• Several languages are now nearly extinct.

To remove or take something out, especially by force or special method

• Geneticists extracted DNA samples from ancient bones.
• How do we extract useful minerals from the rock?

the process of removing or obtaining something from a source

• This section describes the extraction of key nutrients from plants.
• What are the environmental effects of oil extraction?

something that helps cause or influence a result or outcome

• Age is an important factor in language learning.
• Economic factors play a key role in migration patterns.

a department in a university or the teaching staff in it

• She works in the faculty of engineering.
• Faculty members attended the international conference.

an important or noticeable part or quality of something

• The main feature of this model is its simplicity.
• One notable feature of the design was its energy efficiency.

a sum of money paid for a service, course, or professional advice

• Tuition fees vary between institutions.
• What does the fee include exactly?

a thing that is invented or imagined and is not true

• The claim that vaccines cause autism is complete fiction.
• Is the distinction between legal fact and fiction always clear?

strong, definite, and not easily changed or moved

• She gave a firm answer after careful consideration.
• The board took a firm decision on the budget.

a mistake, weakness, or fault that reduces quality or correctness

• The theory has a major logical flaw.
• Small flaws appeared during product testing.

the ability to change or adapt easily to new situations

• Flexibility helps teams respond to change.
• How much flexibility is built into the plan?

able to change or be adjusted easily without breaking or losing strength

• The plan must remain flexible to meet new demands.
• Is this method flexible enough?

to change level, strength, or value frequently

• Interest rates may fluctuate monthly.
• Why do prices fluctuate so often?

the general structure, arrangement, or design of something

• The essay must follow the standard academic format.
• The report format includes tables, graphs, and appendices.

a fixed rule, method, or mathematical expression for solving a problem

• The company follows a simple formula for success.
• Do you know the formula for acceleration?

to create or develop a plan, rule, or idea carefully and clearly

• Engineers formulated a plan to reduce waste in production.
• How do we formulate clear research questions?

the preserved remains or traces of ancient plants or animals found in rocks

• Fossils provide evidence of life millions of years ago.
• How do fossils help scientists understand evolution?

to start or establish an organization, institution, or company

• The university was founded in the nineteenth century.
• They founded a lab for renewable energy.

the basic idea, structure, or organization on which something is built or based

• Theory forms the foundation of scientific inquiry.
• Trust is the foundation of effective teamwork.

a person who starts an organization, company, or institution

• She is the founder of a famous medical charity.
• Who was the original founder of this institution?

a basic structure or system that supports or organizes an idea or project

• The framework of the study includes three main stages.
• Can you explain the framework of the model?

to increase, strengthen, or provide the stimulus for something to grow

• Rising unemployment has fueled concerns about economic stability.
• What factors fueled the rapid growth of urbanization?

the purpose or activity for which something is designed or exists

• Each element has a distinct function.
• The main function of the heart is to pump blood.

to operate or work in a particular way or for a specific purpose

• The system functions normally under high pressure.
• Does the system function during outages?